Yamdena language
Austronesian language spoken in Maluku, Indonesia
Yamdena | |
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Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Maluku Islands |
Native speakers | 69,000 (2023)[1] |
Language family | Austronesian
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Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | jmd |
Glottolog | yamd1240 |
Yamdena is an Austronesian language of Yamdena and surrounding islands in the Maluku Islands in Indonesia. In 1991 there were an estimated 25,000 speakers of the language. Current BPS data has the present number of speakers at 69,000.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | |
voiced | b | d | |||
prenasal | ᵐp | ⁿd | |||
Fricative | f | s | |||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
Rhotic | r | ||||
Lateral | l | ||||
Approximant | w | j |
- Stops /b, t/ can very rarely be realized as coarticulated sounds [ɡ͡b, k͡t] by some speakers.
- /m/ can be heard as voiceless [m̥] in free variation when before initial voiceless stops, or after voiceless stops.
- /ŋ/ is heard as labialized [ŋʷ] when occurring before liquids, or in word-final position.
- /r/ can be heard as [ɺ] in free variation intervocalically, and as [ɾ] when before voiceless consonants.
- /d, ⁿd/ when occurring before /i/ can also be heard as palatal stops [ɟ, ᶮɟ].
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | o | |
Open | a |
- Vowels /a, o/ can be heard as [ə] within unstressed syllables.
- /i/ can be heard as [ɪ] word-finally, after vowels.
- /o/ can be heard as [ɔ] when before /r/.[2]
References
- ^ Yamdena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Mettler, Heidi & Anton (1990). Yamdena phonology. Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures 8: Pattimura University. pp. 29–79.
{{cite book}}
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Bima | |||||||||||||||||
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Sumba–Flores |
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Flores–Lembata |
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Kei–Tanimbar ? |
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Aru | |||||||||||||||||
Timoric * |
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Kowiai ? | |||||||||||||||||
Central Maluku * |
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- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
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