Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
Kelahiran	(1743-08-26)26 Ogos 1743 Paris, Perancis
Meninggal dunia	8 Mei 1794(1794-05-08) (umur 50) Paris, Perancis
Sebab kematian	hukuman mati dengan gilotin
Dikebumikan	Picpus Cemetery
Pusat pendidikan	Collège des Quatre-Nations, University of Paris
Terkenal kerana	Pembakaran Mengenalpasti Oksigen Mengenalpasti Hidrogen Stoikiometri
Kerjaya saintifik
Bidang	ahli biologi, ahli kimia
Pelajar terkemuka	Éleuthère Irénée du Pont
Pengaruh	Guillaume-François Rouelle, Étienne Condillac
Tandatangan

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (26 Ogos 1743 – 8 Mei 1794) adalah seorang ahli kimia Perancis yang merupakan orang pertama untuk mengelaskan unsur-unsur mengikut kumpulan tertentu. Beliau juga merupakan orang yang memberikan nama kepada oksigen pada tahun 1774. Perkataan "oksigen" terdiri daripada dua perkataan bahasa Yunani, oxus (asid) dan gennan (menghasilkan).

Pada tahun 1789, Antoine Lavoisier menyusun unsur-unsur, cahaya, haba, dan beberapa sebatian, ke dalam suatu jadual mengikut kumpulan.

Dalam jadual itu, unsur-unsur dikelaskan kepada logam dan bukan logam. Namun begitu, jadual itu mengandungi banyak perkara yang tidak betul kerana cahaya, haba, dan beberapa sebatian yang belum dapat diuraikan pada ketika itu seperti kapur, silika, alumina, barita dan magnesia juga dimasukkan dalam jadual itu.

Jadual Berkala Unsur

Menurut Antoine Lavoisier, unsur-unsur pada ketika itu dapat dibahagi kepada empat kumpulan iaitu:

Kumpulan I

• Oksigen
• Nitrogen
• Hidrogen
• Cahaya
• Haba

Kumpulan II

• Sulfur
• Fosforus
• Karbon
• Klorin
• Fluorin

Kumpulan III

• Arsenik
• Bismut
• Kobalt
• Plumbum
• Zink
• Nikel
• Stanum
• Argentum

Kumpulan IV

• Kapur
• Silika
• Alumina
• Barita
• Magnesia

Legasi

Sumbangan asas Lavoisier terhadap kimia adalah hasil daripada usaha sedar untuk memenuhi semua uji kaji ke dalam rangka teori tunggal. Beliau menubuhkan penggunaan yang konsisten keseimbangan kimia, oksigen digunakan menumbangkan teori flogiston, dan membangunkan sistem baru tatanama kimia yang diadakan oksigen yang merupakan unsur penting dalam semua asid (yang kemudian ternyata menjadi salah). Lavoisier juga melakukan penyelidikan awal dalam kimia fizikal dan termodinamik dalam eksperimen bersama dengan Laplace. Mereka menggunakan kalorimeter untuk menganggarkan haba dibebaskan setiap unit karbon dioksida dihasilkan, akhirnya mendapati nisbah yang sama untuk api dan haiwan, yang menunjukkan bahawa haiwan menghasilkan tenaga dengan sejenis tindak balas pembakaran.

Karya terpilih

• Opuscules physiques et chimiques (Paris: Chez Durand, Didot, Esprit, 1774). (Second edition, 1801)
• L'art de fabriquer le salin et la potasse, publié par ordre du Roi, par les régisseurs-généraux des Poudres & Salpêtres (Paris, 1779).
• Instruction sur les moyens de suppléer à la disette des fourrages, et d'augmenter la subsistence des bestiaux, Supplément à l'instruction sur les moyens de pourvoir à la disette des fourrages, publiée par ordre du Roi le 31 mai 1785 (Instruction on the means of compensating for the food shortage with fodder, and of increasing the subsistence of cattle, Supplement to the instruction on the means of providing for the food shortage with fodder, published by order of King on 31 May 1785).
• (with Guyton de Morveau, Claude-Louis Berthollet, Antoine Fourcroy) Méthode de nomenclature chimique (Paris: Chez Cuchet, 1787)
• (with Fourcroy, Morveau, Cadet, Baumé, d'Arcet, and Sage) Nomenclature chimique, ou synonymie ancienne et moderne, pour servir à l'intelligence des auteurs. (Paris: Chez Cuchet, 1789)
• Traité élémentaire de chimie, présenté dans un ordre nouveau et d'après les découvertes modernes (Paris: Chez Cuchet, 1789; Bruxelles: Cultures et Civilisations, 1965) (lit. Elementary Treatise on Chemistry, presented in a new order and alongside modern discoveries) also here
• (with Pierre-Simon Laplace) "Mémoire sur la chaleur," Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences (1780), pp. 355–408.
• Mémoire contenant les expériences faites sur la chaleur, pendant l'hiver de 1783 à 1784, par P.S. de Laplace & A. K. Lavoisier (1792)
• Mémoires de physique et de chimie (1805: posthumous)

Dalam terjemahan Inggeris

• Essays Physical and Chemical (London: for Joseph Johnson, 1776; London: Frank Cass and Company Ltd., 1970) translation by Thomas Henry of Opuscules physiques et chimiques
• The Art of Manufacturing Alkaline Salts and Potashes, Published by Order of His Most Christian Majesty, and approved by the Royal Academy of Sciences (1784) trans. by Charles Williamos^[1] of L'art de fabriquer le salin et la potasse
• (with Pierre-Simon Laplace) Memoir on Heat: Read to the Royal Academy of Sciences, 28 June 1783, by Messrs. Lavoisier & De La Place of the same Academy. (New York: Neale Watson Academic Publications, 1982) trans. by Henry Guerlac of Mémoire sur la chaleur
• Essays, on the Effects Produced by Various Processes On Atmospheric Air; With A Particular View To An Investigation Of The Constitution Of Acids, trans. Thomas Henry (London: Warrington, 1783) collects these essays:

1. "Experiments on the Respiration of Animals, and on the Changes effected on the Air in passing through their Lungs." (Read to the Académie des Sciences, 3 May 1777)
2. "On the Combustion of Candles in Atmospheric Air and in Dephlogistated Air." (Communicated to the Académie des Sciences, 1777)
3. "On the Combustion of Kunckel's Phosphorus."
4. "On the Existence of Air in the Nitrous Acid, and on the Means of decomposing and recomposing that Acid."
5. "On the Solution of Mercury in Vitriolic Acid."
6. "Experiments on the Combustion of Alum with Phlogistic Substances, and on the Changes effected on Air in which the Pyrophorus was burned."
7. "On the Vitriolisation of Martial Pyrites."
8. "General Considerations on the Nature of Acids, and on the Principles of which they are composed."
9. "On the Combination of the Matter of Fire with Evaporable Fluids; and on the Formation of Elastic Aëriform Fluids."

• “Reflections on Phlogiston”, translation by Nicholas W. Best of “Réflexions sur le phlogistique, pour servir de suite à la théorie de la combustion et de la calcination, publiée en 1777” (1783). Published in two parts:

1. "Lavoisier’s ‘Reflections on phlogiston’ I: against phlogiston theory", Foundations of Chemistry 17(2015), 137-151.
2. "Lavoisier’s ‘Reflections on phlogiston’ II: on the nature of heat", Foundations of Chemistry 18(2016), 3-13.

• Method of chymical nomenclature: proposed by Messrs. De Moreau, Lavoisier, Bertholet, and De Fourcroy (1788) Dictionary
• Elements of Chemistry, in a New Systematic Order, Containing All the Modern Discoveries (Edinburgh: William Creech, 1790; New York: Dover, 1965) translation by Robert Kerr of Traité élémentaire de chimie. ISBN 978-0486646244 (Dover).
  • 1799 edition
  • 1802 edition: volume 1, volume 2
  • Some illustrations from 1793 edition
  • Some more illustrations from Othmer Library of Chemical History
  • More illustrations (from Collected Works) at Othmer Library of Chemical History

Catatan

Bacaan lanjut

• Herbermann, Charles, penyunting (1913). "Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier" . Ensiklopedia Katolik. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

• Berthelot, M. (1890). La révolution chimique: Lavoisier. Paris: Alcan.
• Catalogue of Printed Works by and Memorabilia of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743–1794... Exhibited at the Grolier Club (New York, 1952).
• Daumas, M. (1955). Lavoisier, théoricien et expérimentateur. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
• Donovan, Arthur (1993). Antoine Lavoisier: Science, Administration, and Revolution. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
• Duveen, D. I. and H. S. Klickstein, A Bibliography of the Works of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743–1794 (London, 1954)
• Grey, Vivian (1982). The Chemist Who Lost His Head: The Story of Antoine Lavoisier. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc.
• Guerlac, Henry (1961). Lavoisier – The Crucial Year. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
• Holmes, Frederic Lawrence (1985). Lavoisier and the Chemistry of Life. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
• Holmes, Frederic Lawrence (1998). Antoine Lavoisier – The Next Crucial Year, or the Sources of his Quantitative Method in Chemistry. Princeton University Press.
• Jackson, Joe (2005). A World on Fire: A Heretic, An Aristocrat And The Race to Discover Oxygen. Viking.
• Johnson, Horton A. (2008). "Revolutionary Instruments, Lavoisier's Tools as Objets d'Art". Chemical Heritage. 26 (1): 30–35.
• Kelly, Jack (2004). Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-03718-6.
• McKie, Douglas (1935). Antoine Lavoisier: The Father of Modern Chemistry. Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott Company.
• McKie, Douglas (1952). Antoine Lavoisier: Scientist, Economist, Social Reformer. New York: Henry Schuman.
• Poirier, Jean-Pierre (1996). Lavoisier (ed. English). University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Scerri, Eric (2007). The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press.
• Smartt Bell, Madison (2005). Lavoisier in the Year One: The Birth of a New Science in an Age of Revolution. Atlas Books, W. W. Norton.

Pautan luar

Wikisource mempunyai karya asli yang dikarang oleh atau mengenai: Antoine Lavoisier

• Panopticon Lavoisier a virtual museum of Antoine Lavoisier
• Antoine Lavoisier Chemical Achievers profile
• Antoine Laurent Lavoisier Diarkibkan 2012-07-07 di Wayback Machine
• Bibliography at Panopticon Lavoisier

Mengenai karya beliau

• Location of Lavoisier's laboratory in Paris
• Radio 4 program on the discovery of oxygen by the BBC
• Who was the first to classify materials as "compounds"? – Fred Senese
• Cornell University's Lavoisier collection

Penulisan beliau

• Karya-karya oleh Antoine Lavoisier di Projek Gutenberg
• Karya oleh atau tentang Antoine Lavoisier di Internet Archive
• Les Œuvres de Lavoisier (The Complete Works of Lavoisier) edited by Pietro Corsi (Oxford University) and Patrice Bret (CNRS) (Perancis)
• Oeuvres de Lavoisier (Works of Lavoisier) at Gallica BnF in six volumes. (Perancis)
• WorldCat author page