Klasifikasi bahasa Arab

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Keluarga bahasa Arab dibagi menjadi beberapa kategori: bahasa Arab Kuno, variasi-variasi sastra, dan bahasa daerah modern.^[1]

Posisi silsilah bahasa Arab di tengah rumpun bahasa Semit merupakan masalah sejak lama.^[2]

Pandangan mengenai klasifikasi bahasa Arab

Bahasa-bahasa Semit terbatas pada area geografis yang relatif sempit (Syam, Mesopotamia, dan gurun Arab) dan sering dituturkan di wilayah sekitarnya. Kontak permanen di antara para penutur bahasa-bahasa ini memungkinkan saling pinjam bahasa di antara mereka. Peminjaman bisa mengganggu sejarah proses perubahannya dan membuatnya sulit untuk menyusun kembali silsilah bahasa.^[3]

Dalam klasifikasi tradisional rumpun bahasa Semit, bahasa Arab berada dalam kelompok Semit Barat Daya, berdasarkan beberapa kemiripan dengan bahasa Arab Selatan Modern dan bahasa Ge'ez.^[4]

Klasifikasi tradisional rumpun bahasa Semit[4]
Proto-Semit Semit Barat Semit Timur (Akkadia) Semit Barat Laut Rumpun bahasa Semit Barat Daya Kanaan (Ibrani, Fenisia) Bahasa Aram Bahasa Arab Bahasa Arab Selatan Bahasa Semit Etiopia

Kebanyakan sarjana tidak menerima percabangan Semit Barat daya di atas karena tidak ada inovasi bahasa sama sekali yang mendukungnya dan karena kemiripannya dengan Arab Selatan dan Etiopia hanya disebabkan oleh difusi wilayah.^[1]

In 1976, linguist Robert Hetzron classified Arabic languages as a Central Semitic language:^[5]

The genealogy of the Semitic languages (Hetzron 1974, 1976)[5]
Proto-Semitic West Semitic East Semitic (Akkadian) South Semitic Central Semitic Aramaic Arabo-Canaanite Ethiopian Epigraphic South Arabian Modern South Arabian Arabic Canaanite

John Huehnergard, Aaron D. Rubin, and other scholars suggested subsequent modifications to Hetzron's model:^[6]

Huehnergard & Pat-El's classification of Semitic languages[6]
Proto-Semitic West Semitic East Semitic (Akkadian) Ethio-Semitic Modern South Arabian Central Semitic North Arabian Ancient Arabian Northwest Semitic Arabic-Safaitic Arameo-Canaanite Ugaritic Samalian Arabic vernaculars (inc. Levantine) Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic Safaitic Dadanitic, Taymanitic, Hismaic, etc.

However, several scholars, such as Giovanni Garbini, consider that the historical–genetic interpretation is not a satisfactory way of representing the development of the Semitic languages (contrary to Indo-European languages, which spread over a wide area and were usually isolated from each other).^[7] Edward Ullendorff even thinks it is impossible to establish any genetic hierarchy between Semitic languages.^[5] These scholars prefer a purely typological–geographical approach without any claim to a historical derivation.^[8]

For instance, in Garbini's view, the Syrian Desert was the core area of the Semitic languages where innovations came from. This region had contacts between sedentary settlements—on the desert fringe—and nomads from the desert. Some nomads joined settlements, while some settlers became isolated nomads ("Bedouinisation"). According to Garbini, this constant alternation explains how innovations spread from Syria into other areas.^[9] Isolated nomads progressively spread southwards and reached South Arabia, where the South Arabian language was spoken. They established linguistic contacts back and forth between Syria and South Arabia and their languages. That is why Garbini considers that Arabic does not belong exclusively to either the Northwest Semitic languages (Aramaic, Phoenician, Hebrew, etc.) or the South Semitic languages (Modern South Arabian, Geʽez, etc.) but that it was affected by innovations in both groups.^[10]

There is still no consensus regarding the exact position of Arabic within Semitic languages. The only consensus among scholars is that Arabic varieties exhibit common features with both the South (South Arabian, Ethiopic) and the North (Canaanite, Aramaic) Semitic languages, and that it also contains unique innovations.^[10]

There is no consensus among scholars whether Arabic diglossia (between Classical Arabic, also called "Old Arabic" and Arabic vernaculars, also called "New Arabic" or "Neo-Arabic") was the result of the Islamic conquests and due to the influence of non-Arabic languages or whether it was already the natural state in 7th-century Arabia (which means that both types coexisted in the pre-Islamic period).^[11][12][13]

Arabic varieties

• Old Arabic, the language of southern Levant and northwestern Arabia in the pre-Islamic period and its varieties:
  • Nabataean Arabic
  • Old Hejazi
  • Hismaic
  • Safaitic
• Classical Arabic, the liturgical language of Islam, which emerged in the 7th century AD
• Neo-Arabic, the descendants of spoken Old Arabic, including:
  • Colloquial Arabic
    • Maghrebi Arabic, also called Western Arabic
      • Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects
      • Koinés
        • Algerian Arabic
        • Moroccan Arabic
        • Tunisian Arabic
        • Libyan Arabic
        • Algerian Saharan Arabic
        • Andalusian Arabic (extinct)
        • Siculo-Arabic (extinct)
          • Maltese
      • Western Bedouin
        • Hassaniya Arabic
        • Algerian Saharan Arabic
    • Northern Arabic
      • Levantine Arabic
        • North Levantine Arabic
          • Syrian Arabic
          • Lebanese Arabic
          • Çukurova Arabic
        • South Levantine Arabic
          • Jordanian Arabic
          • Palestinian Arabic
        • Cypriot Arabic
        • Levantine Bedawi Arabic
      • Egyptian Arabic
      • Saʽidi Arabic
      • Mesopotamian Arabic
        • Gelet
          • Tigris dialect cluster
            • Baghdadi Arabic
          • Euphrates dialect cluster
          • Khuzestani Arabic
        • Qeltu
    • Peninsular Arabic, also called Southern Arabic
      • Gulf Arabic
        • Kuwaiti Arabic
        • varieties from Qatar and the UAE
      • Shihhi Arabic
      • Omani Arabic
      • Dhofari Arabic
      • Najdi Arabic
      • Hejazi Arabic
        • Rashaida
      • Bahraini Arabic
      • Yemeni Arabic
        • Hadhrami Arabic
        • Sanʽani Arabic
        • Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic
        • Tihamiyya Arabic
        • Somali Arabic
        • Bareqi Arabic
    • Central Arabic
      • Sudanese Arabic
        • Nubi Arabic (Sudanese Arabic-based creole)
        • Juba Arabic (Sudanese Arabic-based creole)
• Modern Standard Arabic, the standardized variety of the general Arabic language used since the 19th century and modernized version of the liturgical language of Islam

See also

• Arab (disambiguation)
• Etymology of Arab

Catatan kaki

1. ^ ^{a b} Jallad 2020.
2. ^ Versteegh 2014, hlm. 18.
3. ^ Versteegh 2014, hlm. 13.
4. ^ ^{a b} Versteegh 2014, hlm. 11.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Versteegh 2014, hlm. 15
6. ^ ^{a b} Brustad & Zuniga 2019, hlm. 3–6
7. ^ Versteegh 2014, hlm. 21
8. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Versteegh 2014 p11
9. ^ Versteegh 2014, hlm. 15–16
10. ^ ^{a b} Versteegh 2014, hlm. 21–22
11. ^ Brustad & Zuniga 2019, hlm. 367–369.
12. ^ Versteegh 2014, hlm. 58-59.
13. ^ Abboud-Haggar, Soha. "Dialects: Genesis". Dalam Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. doi:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_0088. 

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