Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement
The Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (山縣・ロバノフ協定, Yamagata-Robanofu Kyōtei)(Russian: Протокол Лобанова — Ямагаты), signed in Saint Petersburg on 9 June 1896, was the third agreement signed between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Russia concerning disputes regarding their sphere of influence over Korea.
With pro-Japanese and pro-Russian factions within the Joseon dynasty competing for power, the increasingly unstable political situation in Korea was endangering the economic and strategic interests of both Japan and Russia. After the assassination of Empress Myeongseong, Korean Emperor Gojong had taken refuge in the Russian consulate in Seoul at the invitation of Russian envoy Karl Ivanovich Weber, and Russia had thus attained a paramount influence over Korean politics at the time. This was confirmed in the Komura-Waeber Memorandum, which granted Russia the right to station four companies of troops in Korea, and required that Japan recognize Korea's new "pro-Russian faction" cabinet led by Yi Wan-yong.
Visiting during the coronation ceremonies for Russian Tsar Nicholas II, the Japanese delegation discussed the growing friction over Korea, and proposed that the Korean peninsula be divided at the 39th parallel, should Japanese and Russian troops be forced to occupy Korea. The proposal was rejected, but the concept was resurrected by Soviet premier Joseph Stalin many years later at the Yalta Conference negotiations with the United States during World War II.[1]
The Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement was signed in Saint Petersburg by ex-Prime Minister of Japan Yamagata Aritomo, and Russian Foreign Minister, Prince Alexei Lobanov-Rostovsky. The Agreement in effect guaranteed Korean independence through a tacit co-protectorate maintained by both Japan and Russia, with the aim of preserving Korea as a buffer state between Japan, and Russian interests in Manchuria and the Russian Maritime Provinces.[2] The Agreement also stated a joint intention to encourage fiscal reform in Korea, promote the formation of a modern police and army, and to maintain telegraph lines.
The Agreement had two non-public provisions. In the first, Japan and Russia affirmed their mutual right to send additional troops to Korea in the event of any major disturbance, and in the second, both countries affirmed their rights to station troops in Korea until such time that Korea had its own modern army equipped to handle such disturbances. When Yamagata agreed to the terms of the agreement with Lobanov, he was unaware that only a few days earlier, the Russians had signed the Li-Lobanov Treaty with China, a de facto alliance against Japan, in which Russia gained unrestricted access to Manchuria and a lease over the Liaotung Peninsula.[3]
The Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement was superseded by the Nishi-Rosen Agreement of 1898.
See also
References
- Duus, Peter (1998). The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895-1910. University of California Press. ISBN 0520213610.
- Gills, Barry (1996). Korea versus Korea: A Case of Contested Legitimacy. Routledge. ISBN 0415142318.
- Kim, Djun Il (2005). The History of Korea. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313332967.
- Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810849275.
Notes
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(1854–1868)
- Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
- Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854)
- Treaty of Shimoda (1855)
- Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854) [ja]
- Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855)
- Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856) [ja]
- Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)
- Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)
- Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)
- London Protocol (1862)
- Agreement of Paris (1864) [ja]
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)
- Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)
(1868–1912)
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- Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874
- Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
- US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
- Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
- Convention of Tientsin (1885)
- Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)
- Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)
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- Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
- Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895) [ja]
- Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895) [ja]
- German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
- Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896)
- Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896)
- Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896) [ja]
- Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
- Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)
- Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898)
- Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)
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- Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
- Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903) [ja]
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- Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
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- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
- Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905) [ja]
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- Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916)
- Root–Takahira Agreement (1908)
- Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909) [ja]
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
- Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)
- Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)
- North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
(1913–1945)
- Japan-China Treaty of 1915
- Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917)
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- Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922) [ja]
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- Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930)
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- Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932)
- Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932)
- Tanggu Truce (1933)
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- Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937)
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- Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939)
- Tripartite Pact (1940)
- Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940)
- Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940) [ja]
- Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940)
- Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941)
- Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941) [ja]
- Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945)
(1945–1989)
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- Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952)
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- Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958)
- Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959)
- Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)
- Tokyo Convention (1963)
- Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)
- Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968)
- Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971)
- Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972)
- Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973)
- Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974)
- Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976)
- Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)
(1989–)
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