Pennsylvania Dutch English

Pennsylvania Dutch English
Native to	United States, Canada
Region	Pennsylvania; Ohio; Indiana; Ontario; and elsewhere
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglo–Frisian Anglic English North American English American English Pennsylvania Dutch English
Early forms	Old English Middle English Early Modern English
Writing system	Latin (English alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
The Pennsylvania counties of Pennsylvania Dutch Country, where Pennsylvania Dutch English has traditionally been spoken

Pennsylvania Dutch English is a dialect of English that has been influenced by the Pennsylvania Dutch language. It is largely spoken in South Central Pennsylvania, both by people who are monolingual in English and bilingual in Pennsylvania Dutch and English. The dialect has been dying out, as non-Amish younger Pennsylvania Germans tend to speak General American English.

Very few non-Amish members of these people can speak the Pennsylvania German language, although most know some words and phrases. The World War II generation of the mid-20th century was the last generation in which Pennsylvania Dutch was widely spoken outside the Amish and Old Order Mennonite communities.^[1]

Features of Pennsylvania German influence

Pennsylvania Dutch English differs from standard English in various ways.^[2] Some of its hallmark features include:

• Widespread devoicing of obstruents, such as “round” being pronounced “rount” or “eggs” as “ecks”.
• The use of certain vowel variants in specific phonological contexts.^{[further explanation needed]}
• The use of Pennsylvania German verb and noun stems in word construction.^{[example needed]}
• Specific intonation patterns for questions.^{[example needed]}
• Special placement of prepositional phrases in sentences (so that "Throw some hay over the fence for the horse" might be rendered "Throw the horse over the fence some hay").
• The use of "ain't" and "not" or "say" as question tags.
• The use of "still" as a habitual verbal marker.^{[example needed]}
• The use of the phrase "what for" to mean "what kind of", as in "What for drink do you have?" (German = "was für")
• Use of the word "yet" to mean "still," such as "do you work at the store yet?" to mean "do you still work at the store?"
• Use of terms such as "doncha know" and "so I do" or "so he does" at the end of declaratory sentences.
• Use of the word "awhile" at the end of sentences proposing simultaneous actions (e.g. "Go get the tea out of the pantry; I'll start boiling the water awhile.").
• Omitting "to be" from the passive construction in an infinitive following "needs" or "wants" (e.g. "the car needs cleaned" instead of "the car needs to be cleaned").

Other calques include:

Other idioms include "Make wet?" meaning "Is it going to rain?", "hurrieder" meaning "faster", and "dippy eggs/ecks" meaning "over-easy or soft-boiled eggs".

See also

• Lunenburg English, a dialect of Canadian English similarly influenced by German
• Northeast Pennsylvania English
• Philadelphia dialect
• North American English regional phonology
• Regional vocabularies of American English

References

External links

• "Pennsylvania German versus Germany German". Get Germanized. youtube.com.
• www.padutchdictionary.com
• www.deitshbooks.com