Gerard Wallop, 9th Earl of Portsmouth

IssueOliver Kintzing Wallop, Viscount Lymington
Lady Anne Camilla Evelyn Wallop
Lady Phillipa Wallop
Lady Jane Wallop
Hon. Nicholas WallopParentsOliver Wallop, 8th Earl of Portsmouth
Marguerite WalkerMilitary careerAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchBritish ArmyYears of service19 January 1917 - c. 11 November 1918RankUnit

Gerard Vernon Wallop, 9th Earl of Portsmouth (16 May 1898 – 28 September 1984), styled Viscount Lymington from 1925 until 1943, was a British landowner, writer on agricultural topics, and pro-axis fascist politician.

Early life

Gerard was born in Chicago, the eldest son of Oliver Henry Wallop and Marguerite Walker. His father moved to Wyoming, where he was a rancher and served in the Wyoming State Legislature. After the deaths of his two older brothers without sons, Oliver succeeded as 8th Earl of Portsmouth, and renounced his American citizenship to serve in the House of Lords.^[2] Gerard was brought up near Sheridan, Wyoming in the United States, where his parents farmed. He was educated in England, at Farnborough, at Winchester College and at Balliol College, Oxford. He then farmed at Farleigh Wallop in Hampshire. Wallop was commissioned a temporary second lieutenant (probationary) in the Reserve Regiment, 2nd Life Guards on 19 January 1917,^[3] was transferred to the Guards Machine Gun Regiment on 10 May 1918,^[4] and commissioned a temporary lieutenant on 19 July 1918.^[5]

Conservative Party politics

Lord Lymington was Conservative Member of Parliament for the Basingstoke constituency from 1929 to 1934. He stepped down and caused a by-election in March 1934 (Henry Maxence Cavendish Drummond Wolff was elected). At this point he was in the India Defence League, an imperialist group of Conservatives around Winston Churchill, and undertook a research mission in India for them. Lymington became increasingly frustrated with the National Government founded in 1931, which called "a morass of compromise" which was useless in the face of the Great Depression.^[6] He was especially concerned about the decline in British agriculture, which he called "the core of our existence".^[6] He often complained that British farmers were unable to compete with cheap food imported from abroad while he also spoke about soil erosion as he stated the soil of England itself was being "leeched of its fertility" because of reckless farming methods that put short-time yields ahead of the long-term perseveration of the soil.^[6]

He attended^[7] the second Convegno Volta in 1932, with Christopher Dawson, Lord Rennell of Rodd, Charles Petrie and Paul Einzig making up the British representatives.^[8][9] It was on the theme L'Europa.^[10] In September 1930 Lymington joined a mystical "back-to-the-land" movement, the English Mistery, that sought to find the "lost secrets" of the English.^[11] The English Mistery favored a return to the Middle Ages as the group favored deindustrialisation, the revival of the guild system, organic farming, and rule by the aristocracy.^[12] Alongside this return to a rural society to be ruled by an absolute monarch via the nobility was a virulent racism as the English Mistery wanted to protect the English "race" from "inferior races".^[11] In 1933, William Sanderson, the leader of the English Mistery proposed Lymington as the future "Lord Protector" of Britain.^[13]

Like much of the British aristocracy at the time, Lymington wanted to recreate a version of the feudal system, which led him to own a lavish estate in the "White Highlands" of Kenya.^[14] In Kenya, Lymington treated his black African workers very much like serfs while he behaved like a feudal lord. Lymington was not unique in seeking to live a modern version of feudalism in Africa as it was common for members of the aristocracy in the interwar period to settle in either Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe) or Kenya to live out their fantasies of being feudal lords.^[14] Nor was Lymington unique in rejecting democracy.^[14] The establishment of universal suffrage which was achieved in stages over the 19th and 20th centuries along the curtailment of the power of the House of Lords led many aristocrats to complain about their loss of political power, which led for successive governments in Westminster to be more concerned about the interests of ordinary farmers instead of the land-owning nobility.^[14] The British historian Martin Pugh noted it was no accident that every single aristocrat who owned an estate in Rhodesia or Kenya in the interwar period was active in far right-wing groups that sought to end democracy in the United Kingdom as all of the aristocrats who lived out their feudal fantasies in Africa all wanted to return to the political system where the aristocracy held political power again.^[14]

A key moment in the radicalisation of the aristocracy occurred in 1923 when Andrew Bonar Law resigned as prime minister.^[14] The Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon, who had been widely expected to succeed Bonar Law lost out to the middle-class Stanley Baldwin under the grounds that the prime minister should sit in the House of Commons instead of the House of Lords.^[14] Curzon's upset defeat at the hands of Baldwin was considered shocking as Curzon was widely felt to be better qualified to be prime minister. Baldwin's victory was widely seen as the symbolic moment when the Conservative Party became the party of the middle class.^[14] Afterwards, there had been a sustained campaign by various peers to restore the power to veto bills passed by the House of Commons that the House of Lords had lost in 1911, which Baldwin resisted under the grounds that it would energise the Labour Party which was not well represented in the House of Lords and cost the Conservatives votes in the next general election.^[14] By the late 1920s, much of the aristocracy was in a resentful and angry mood with the feeling being that democracy did not allow them what they saw as their rightful place as the political and economic elite.^[14] Lymington was attracted to the English Mistery precisely because it promised to restore the feudal society that was his ideal.^[11] Lymington stated in 1965 about his role in the English Mistery: "We did not regard ourselves as Herrenvolk' but we wanted our revival to be Anglo-Saxon in the sense that Alfred the Great was Anglo-Saxon".^[15]

His exit from party politics was apparently caused by a measure of disillusion, and frustrated ambition. In his resignation speech on 24 March 1934, he stated he was leaving the House of Commons because he "unable any longer to breath the polluted atmosphere of the National Government".^[6] He stated he was appalled by the decline of agriculture and felt the "same frustration over rearmament".^[6] He stated he was leaving the House "to devote my energies and to play such a part as I am able in arousing our people to the necessities of national defense before it is too late and above all to help in trying to re-establish English character and tradition and in recreating local leadership".^[6]

Newton papers

In 1936, he sent for auction at Sotheby's the major collection of unpublished papers of Isaac Newton, known as the Portsmouth Papers.^[16] These had been in the family for around two centuries, since an earlier Viscount Lymington had married Newton's great-niece.^[17]

The sale was the occasion on which Newton's religious and alchemical interests became generally known.^[18] Broken into a large number of separate lots, running into several hundred, they became dispersed. John Maynard Keynes purchased many significant lots. Theological works were bought in large numbers by Abraham Yahuda. Another purchaser was Emmanuel Fabius, a dealer in Paris.

Right-wing groups

Wallop was a member of and important influence on the English Mistery,^[19] a society promoted by William Sanderson and founded in 1929 or 1930. This was a conservative group, with views in tune with his own monarchist and ruralist opinions.

A split in the Mistery left Wallop leading a successor, the English Array. It was active from 1936 to the early months of World War II, and advocated "back to the land".^[20] Lymington wrote in one of his pamphlets for English Array: "The conviction that the healthy state of the soil is the foundation of human health as well of that of the crops and animals is one that does not need any explanation for the men of the English Array...If we serve our soil, we can bring back the fertility of the strong breeds that will people the Empire with the desired men and women who will hold it against tides of yellow men and brown".^[21] Its membership included A. K. Chesterton, J. F. C. Fuller, Rolf Gardiner, Hon. Richard de Grey, Hardwicke Holderness, Anthony Ludovici, John de Rutzen,^[22] and Reginald Dorman-Smith.^[23] It has been described as "more specifically pro-Nazi" than the Mistery; Famine in England (1938) by Lymington was an agricultural manifesto, but traded on racial overtones of urban immigration.^[24] Famine in England was concerned with the "aliens" and "scum" said to be settling in British cities along with an sustained attack on "international finance" together with panegyrics for the beauty of the English countryside, the "great white northern races of Europe" and the concentration camps of Nazi Germany.^[25] Most of Famine in England was concerned about problems with British agriculture, but there was also several chapters devoted to the "scum of subhuman population" in Britain who were "the willing tools of the communist, since revolution means an opportunity to gratify their lusts".^[6] Lymington that some of the "scum of subhuman population" were "the dregs of English stock", but he wrote most of the "subhumans" were immigrants.^[6] Lymington complained that Britain was accepting far too many "subhuman" immigrants who had "one by one they have 'muscled in' on the Englishman's livelihood till they have everywhere in key positions. With them has come corruption and disrespect for the ancient decencies...This then, is the spawning-ground for panic, looting, revolution and wholesale bloodshed".^[26] Lymington suggested Nazi Germany as a model as he praised the "new spiritual awakening of Germany".^[26] Lymington wrote: "Our northern stock has been continually weakened-first in battle for two thousand years and later by trade, which gave the worse stocks, the people of the ghettoes and bazaar and the Mediterranean types, their opportunity to flourish at the expense of the northern races".^[26] Lymington wrote it would be "suicidal" to go to war against Germany again, but warned it was possible because of "the endless propaganda directed in a sinister way against selected dictatorships in Europe".^[26] Lymington concluded: "We must therefore become strong, through agriculture and rearmament. Then we may learn how to enjoy peace. The average Englishmen would like to see a prosperous, healthy and strong Germany".^[27]

Lymington's use of Parliamentary questions has been blamed for British government reluctance to admit refugees.^[28] In the Quarterly Gazette of the English Array for April 1938, Lymington praised the Anschluss and wrote "we must do what we can to save our country from being forced into a war which would mark the end of white civilisation".^[29] He edited New Pioneer magazine from 1938 to 1940, collaborating with John Warburton Beckett and A. K. Chesterton. The gathering European war saw him found the British Council Against European Commitments in 1938, with William Joyce. Lymington founded the British Council Against European Commitments during the Sudetenland crisis which pushed the United Kingdom to the brink of war with the Reich.^[29] In his pamphlet published in September 1938 Should Britain Fight? The British Position and Some Facts on the Sudeten Problem, Lymington wrote: "war between ourselves and Germany, with a final victory for ourselves, can only mean Bolshevism in both countries, and the loss of everything for which bout countries stand, apart from political creeds".^[30] Lymington's pro-German speeches during the Sudetenland crisis were considered so violent at a cabinet meeting on 13 September 1938 the Home Secretary, Sir John Simon, was asked to "restrain him from calling public meetings against going to war for Czechoslovakia".^[30] In the October 1938 edition of Quarterly Gazette, Lymington wrote: "Few stopped to think that such a war would benefit no one, but the Jews and the international communists...The fault did not lie with those whose standards were so warped that they believed alliance with the Czechs and the Bolsheviks against a regenerate Germany was right, but with us who have so far failed to carry regenerate values through the country".^[31] He joined the British People's Party in 1943.^[32] The English Array was not shut down, as other organisations of the right were in the war years, but was under official suspicion and saw little activity.^[33]

Organic movement

Wallop was an early advocate of organic farming in Britain.^[34] He has been described as a "central figure in the organic movement’s coalescence during the 1930s and ’40s."^[34]

He founded the Kinship in Husbandry with Rolf Gardiner,^[35] a precursor of the Soil Association. It recruited Edmund Blunden, Arthur Bryant, H. J. Massingham,^[33] Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne, Adrian Bell, and Philip Mairet.^[36]

Family and personal life

He was married twice and had five children.^[2]

On 31 July 1920, he married Mary Lawrence Post (divorced 1936), daughter of Waldron Kintzing Post Sr., of Bayport, Long Island, and Mary Lawrence née Perkins. They had two children:

• Oliver Kintzing Wallop, Viscount Lymington (14 January 1923 – 5 June 1984; aged 61), married as his second wife, Ruth Violet Sladen, daughter of Brig.-Gen. Gerald Carew Sladen CB CMG DSO MC, and Mabel Ursula, of the Orr Ewing baronets, and had:
  • Quentin Wallop, 10th Earl of Portsmouth
• Lady Anne Camilla Evelyn Wallop (12 July 1925 – 25 January 2023; aged 97)^[37] who married Lord Rupert Nevill, younger son of Guy Larnach-Nevill, 4th Marquess of Abergavenny.

In 1936, he married secondly, Bridget Cory Crohan, only daughter of Capt. Patrick Bermingham Crohan MBE by (Edith) Barbara Cory (later Bray), of Owlpen Manor, Gloucestershire. They had three children:^[2]

• Lady Philippa Dorothy Bluet Wallop (21 August 1937 – 31 August 1984; aged 47) who married Charles Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea and had issue^[38]
• Lady Jane Alianora Borlace Wallop (24 February 1939 – 30 November 2021; aged 82)
• Hon. Nicholas Valoynes Bermingham Wallop (born 14 July 1946), married Lavinia Karmel, only daughter of David Karmel CBE

Gerard Wallop succeeded to the title of Earl of Portsmouth in 1943, on the death of his father Oliver.

After the war he moved to Kenya, where he lived for nearly 30 years. His seat at Farleigh House was let as a preparatory school from 1953.

The Earl's elder son, Oliver, predeceased him; on his death in 1984, the title passed to his grandson Quentin.^[2]

Works

• Spring Song of Iscariot (Black Sun Press, 1929) poem, as Lord Lymington
• Ich Dien - the Tory Path (1931) as Lord Lymington
• Famine in England (1938)
• Alternative to Death (1943)
• A Knot of Roots (1965) autobiography

References

Bibliography

• Barberis, Peter; McHugh, John; Tyldesley, Mike (2003). Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations.
• Burchardt, Jeremy (2002). Paradise Lost: Rural Idyll and Social Change in England Since 1800. I.B. Tauris.
• Conford, Philip (2005). "Organic Society: Agriculture and Radical Politics in the Career of Gerard Wallop, Ninth Earl of Portsmouth (1898-1984)" (PDF). Agricultural History Review. 53 (1): 78–96.
• Dietz, Bernhard (2018). Neo-Tories: The Revolt of British Conservatives against Democracy and Political Modernity (1929–1939). Translated by Copestake, Ian. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4725-7003-1.
• Gottlieb, Julie V.; Linehan, Thomas P. (2004). The Culture of Fascism: Visions of the Far Right in Britain. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781860647987. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
• Griffiths, Richard (1980). Fellow Travellers of the Right British Enthusiasts for Nazi Germany, 1933-9. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0094634602.
• Griffiths, Richard (1998). Patriotism Perverted: Captain Ramsay, the Right Club and English Anti-semitism, 1939-40. Constable. ISBN 9780094679207.
• Iliffe, Rob (1998). "A 'connected system'?". In William Hunter, Michael Cyril (ed.). Archives of the Scientific Revolution: The Formation and Exchange of Ideas in Seventeenth-century Europe. Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 9780851155531. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
• Kushner, Tony; Knox, Katharine (1999). "The Fascist Era, 1933-1945". Refugees in an Age of Genocide: Global, National, and Local Perspectives. London, UK: Frank Cass. ISBN 9780714647838. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
• Linehan, Thomas (2000). "The Minor Parties, 'One-Man Bands' And Some Fellow-Travellers". British Fascism, 1918-1939: Parties, Ideology and Culture. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719050244. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
• Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood (107 ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. ISBN 0-9711966-2-1.
• Passerini, Luisa (1999). Europe in Love, Love in Europe: Imagination and Politics in Britain Between the Wars. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781860642814. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
• Pugh, Martin (2013). Hurrah For The Blackshirts! Fascists and Fascism in Britain Between the Wars. New York: Random House. ISBN 9781448162871.
• Scott, Christina (1992). A Historian and His World: A Life of Christopher Dawson. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781560000136. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
• Stone, Daniel (June 2003). "The English Mistery, the BUF, and the Dilemmas of British Fascism". The Journal of Modern History. 75 (2): 336–358.
• Stone, Dan (2002). "Anthony Mario Ludovici: A 'Light-Weight Superman'". Breeding Superman: Nietzsche, Race and Eugenics in Edwardian and Interwar Britain. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9780853239970.

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Earl of Portsmouth
• IHS Press page

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Arthur Richard Holbrook	Member of Parliament for Basingstoke 1929 – 1934	Succeeded by Henry Maxence Cavendish Drummond Wolff
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded by Oliver Wallop	Earl of Portsmouth 1943–1984	Succeeded by Quentin Wallop